Reproductive Health, Infertility and IVF

The Menstrual cycle is the ordinary and herbal trade that occurs in the girl reproductive gadget. This is a cycle of physical modifications controlled by using the girl hormones that reason a normal bleed, comes from the uterus. Regular menstrual periods in among the puberty and menopause are normally a signal that your body is working normally and wholesome. Most of the girls reports have some signs all through the only to two weeks previous to menstruation.

• Amenorrhoea (absent menstrual periods)
• Dysmenorrhoea (painful menstrual periods)
• Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods)
• Abnormal bleeding and menstrual disorders

Osteoporosis led to weakening of bones and increases the chance of unexpected or surprising fractures. In Osteoporosis there are the lack of bone mass & electricity resulting pours bones. Osteoporosis is regularly development without any major symptoms or pains like different Women’s Health troubles.

Pregnancy is a special physiological condition where treatment of drug is an important concern as the physiology of pregnancy affects the pharmacokinetics of medication used some medications can reach the fetus and harms them. Medication to pregnant lady cannot be totally avoided since some may have chronic pathological conditions that require continuous or interrupted treatment like asthma, epilepsy and hypertension.

STI is commonly spread by means of having vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. More than 9 million women in the United States are identified with an STI each 12 months. Women often have more extreme health troubles from STIs than men, consisting of infertility. An STI is a contamination handed from one individual to another character through sexual contact. A contamination is whilst a micro-organism, virus, or parasite enters and grows in or in your frame. STIs are also called sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs.

Urogynecology is sub-division of gynaecology. Urogynaecologists are specifically educated scientific experts who treat medical troubles related to disorder of the pelvic ground and bladder. In some nations Urogynecology is also called Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. Some of the issues in pelvic floor include urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and faecal incontinence.

A healthy diet helps children to grow and gain. It also helps to prevent obesity and weight-related diseases, such as diabetes. To give your child a nutritious diet

• Make half of what is on your child's plate fruits and vegetables
• Choose healthy sources of protein, such as lean meat, nuts, and eggs
• Serve whole-grain breads and cereals because they are high in fiber. Reduce refined grains.
• Broil, grill, or steam foods instead of frying them
• Limit fast food and junk food
• Offer water or milk instead of sugary fruit drinks and sodas

Sexual health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality. It requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission(PMTCT) programmes offer a wide range of services for women of reproductive age living with the risk of HIV to maintain their health and halt their infants from acquiring HIV. PMTCT services should be offered before conception, and throughout pregnancy, breastfeeding and labour. PMTCT services should include quick infant diagnosis at four to six weeks after birth, testing at 18 months or/and when breastfeeding stops, and ART initiation as soon as possible for HIV-exposed infants to prevent HIV acquisition. By keeping women and infants in PMTCT programmes after delivery is challenging. In some of the countries, more infant infections are now occurring during the postnatal period because of breastfeeding rather than pregnancy or labour due to the large rates of women who leave care.

A postpartum period starts immediately after the birth of a child as the mother's body, including hormone levels & uterus size, returns to a non-pregnant state. The terms puerperium or puerperal period, or quick postpartum period are usually used to refer to the first six weeks after the childbirth. The World Health Organization emphasizes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; maximum maternal and new-born deaths occur during the postnatal period. In scientific terms, the term is commonly abbreviated to Px, where x is a number; for example, "day P5" should be read as "the fifth day after birth". This is not to be confused with the medical nomenclature that uses G P to stand for the number and outcomes of pregnancy.

Gynaecology deals with any ailment concerning the reproductive organs; uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, ovaries and vagina. A gynaecologist may also treat related problems in the bowel, bladder and urinary system since these are closely related to female reproductive organs. Obstetrics deals with the care of the pregnant women, the unborn baby, labor and delivery and the immediate period following childbirth. The obstetrician ensures that mother and child get the best prenatal care to ensure labor and delivery is accomplished without complications and that should intervention be needed, it is done quickly and safely.

• Pregnancy
• Childbirth
• The Postpartum period
• Vagina
• Uterus
• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes

Natural hormonal fluctuations can result in depression or tension.  Premenstrual syndrome occurs generally among women, at the same time as premenstrual dimorphic ailment presents comparable, and however substantially intensified, symptoms. Shortly after birth, many mothers acquire a shape of despair called the “infant blues”, but perinatal depression causes comparable – but a great deal more potent – concerns, emotional shifts, unhappiness, and tiredness. Per menopause, the shift into menopause also can purpose depression. No depend how intense the symptoms, care carriers can provide relief with prescription or healing treatments.

• Psychotic depression
• Seasonal affective disorder
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Panic Disorder
• Phobia-related disorders
• Postpartum depression

Endometriosis is when the tissue that makes up the uterine lining (the liner of the womb) is gift on other organs inside your frame. Endometriosis is generally observed within the decrease abdomen, or pelvis, however can appear anywhere inside the frame. Women with endometriosis often have decrease abdominal ache, pain with intervals, or ache with sexual sex, and may file having a difficult time getting pregnant.

Vaccines prevent infectious diseases in children who receive them and protect the one who comes in contact with unvaccinated, infected individuals. Vaccinating children against diseases helps protect our community and our children's health. Before vaccines, most of the children died from diseases such as whooping cough and polio-diseases that vaccines are now able to prevent.

In PCOS, many small, fluid-filled sacs grow inside the ovaries. The word “polycystic” means “many cysts” these sacs are actually follicles, each one containing an immature egg. The eggs never mature enough to trigger ovulation. The lack of ovulation alters levels of estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH. Estrogen and progesterone levels are lower than usual, while androgen levels are higher than usual. Extra male hormones disrupt the menstrual cycle, so women with PCOS get fewer periods than usual. PCOS is a “syndrome,” or group of symptoms that affects the ovaries and ovulation.

• Cysts in the ovaries
• High levels of male hormones
• Irregular or skipped periods

Obesity means having too much body fat. It is not exactly as overweight, which means a child’s weight is in the higher range of children of the same age and height. Overweight may be due to excess muscle, bone, or water, as well as too much fat. Both terms mean that a child's weight is more than what is thought to be healthy.

Breast milk is the right meals for the toddler. It protects the child in opposition to gastroenteritis and diarrhoea, ear and chest infections, allergies and diabetes. Breastfeeding reduces the danger of bleeding after the beginning, is convenient. An early stage of vitamins for the babies starts off evolved from the mom’s milk. Immunity development for the child begins to enhance finally thru the breast milk.

Infertility can be described as a woman who is unable to conceive as well as being unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. Infertility is the inability of a person, plant or an animal to reproduce by natural means. It is normally not the innate state of a healthy adult organism, except in particularly among certain eusocial species. Understanding the socio demographic factors parallel with use may assist newly married couples with family planning.

• Infertility Evaluation and Treatment among Women
• Tubal Infertility and Ectopic Pregnancy
• Obesity & Surgical Management of Infertility
• Artificial Gametes and Ovarian Stimulation
• Risk of Idiopathic Male Infertility
• Infertility Evaluation and Management

Teenage pregnancy can swap the course of a young mom’s life. It keeps her in a place where she’s responsible not only for herself but also for other human being. Carrying a baby and becoming a mother not only generate physical changes. Women also go through mental changes. Young mothers face added stress from:

• Sleepless nights
• Arranging child care
• Making doctor’s appointments
• Attempting to finish high school

Birth control: In the women’s reproduction system labour is the last phase of pregnancy. What's more, the most widely recognized method for labour is a vaginal conveyance. Furthermore, it is of three phases that is the shortening and opening of the cervix plummet and birth of the infant, and the conveyance of the placenta. Typically a large portion of the infants are conceived head first.

Appropriate maternal health care can mean the difference between life and death for a pregnant woman. Ensuring that women everywhere have access to such care could save hundreds of thousands of lives a year. With skilled care that is quickly accessible, common complications such as pre-eclampsia or a malaria infection, as well as serious conditions like obstructed labour, can be safely managed.

• Improving providers’ clinical skills for routine prenatal care
• Ensuring that lifesaving post abortion care is available
• Upgrading facilities in consultation with local partners
• Treating and preventing obstetric fistula

Child abuse is any behaviour that harms a child. It can take into many forms, including physical, sexual and emotional abuse, as well as negligence and exploitation. There are four main types of abuse:

• Physical abuse: Any use of physical force on a child that doesn’t happen by accident and causes harm. Hitting, beating, punching, biting, burning, scratching, strangling or choking a child are all comes under child abuse.
• Sexual abuse: Any type of sexual involvement or contact between an adult and a child. Sexual abuse can be voyeurism, sexual acts, and sex between family members.
• Emotional abuse: A pattern of rejecting a child's love, acceptance, and security, or mistreating a child in the way an adult talks to them or acts towards them. Bullying, yelling, isolating, ignoring, criticizing, terrorizing, and shaming are all types of emotional abuse.
• Neglect: Failing to provide children with the things that are useful for their growth such as shelter, food, hygiene, supervision, medical attention, education or safety.

Premature birth is a birth that will take more than three weeks before the baby's estimated due date. In other words, premature birth that is before the start of the 37th week of pregnancy. Premature babies, especially those who born very early, often have complicated health problems. Typically, complications of prematurity vary. But the earlier your baby is born, the more the risk of complications.

Depends on how early a baby is born, he or she may be:

• Late preterm, born between 34 & 36 completed weeks of pregnancy
• Moderately preterm, born between 32 & 34 weeks of pregnancy
• Very preterm, born at less than 32 weeks of pregnancy
• Extremely preterm, born at or before 25 weeks of pregnancy

Obesity is a term that means you have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher. It makes you more likely to have conditions including:

• Heart disease and stroke
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Gallbladder disease and gallstones
• Osteoarthritis
• Gout

A caesarean section, also called a C-section, is a surgical procedure performed when a vaginal delivery is not possible or safe, or when the health of the mother or the baby is at risk. During this procedure, the baby is delivered through surgical incisions made in the abdomen and the uterus.

• Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
• Previous caesarean birth
• Multiple pregnancy
• Placenta previa
• Transverse lie
• Breech presentation

Autoimmune disease occurs when body cells that eliminate threats, such as viruses, attack healthy cells. As this condition continues to escalate among the population, researchers remain baffled as to why the condition affects mostly women. While many distinct autoimmune diseases exist, most share symptoms such as:

• Exhaustion
• Mild fever
• Pain
• Skin irritation
• Vertigo

Most of the autoimmune system rests in the stomach. Duly, many who suffer from this condition have resorted to natural healing practices, such as:

• Consuming less sugar
• Consuming less fat
• Lowering stress
• Reducing toxin intake

Yellowish staining of the skin and whites of the new-born’s eyes (sclerae) by pigment of bile (bilirubin) is termed neonatal jaundice. In new-born babies a degree of jaundice is normal. It is due to the breakdown of red blood cells (which release bilirubin into the blood) and to the immaturity of the new-born’s liver (which cannot effectively metabolize the bilirubin and prepare it for excretion into the urine). Normal neonatal jaundice typically appears between the 2nd and 5th days of life and clears with time. Neonatal jaundice is also referred to as neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and physiologic jaundice of the new-born. It may last till 8 days in normal birth or around 14 days in premature births.

Symptoms

1. Yellow skin
2. Yellow sclera and nail beds
3. Baby sleeps for a longer time than usual

Growth of the child refers to increase in size of the body, which is measured in terms of body weight, height (length of the baby) head, and arm and chest circumference. These measures are called ‘anthropometrics’ measurements. These measures are compared with the reference standards to assess whether the measure is within the normal limits or not (+ or – 2 standard deviation). The measures can also be assessed in terms of percentile i.e. percentage of individuals falling below a particular level e.g. 50th percentile limits are considered as 3rd percentile and 97 the percentile. The weight of the children (94%) falling between these two limits considered within normal range.

Pattern of growth:

• Weight
• Height
• Head circumference and chest circumference
• Mid-arm circumference